{"meta":{"updated":"2026-07-04","disclaimer":"Curated editorial reference compiled from public sources (CSIS Missile Threat, IISS, Wikipedia, DIA, press reporting). Specifications for these systems are approximate and sources frequently disagree; ranges and warhead figures give the commonly cited envelope. Not derived from the alert dataset.","actors":{"hamas":{"label":"Gaza — Hamas & PIJ","color":"#d63031"},"hezbollah":{"label":"Lebanon — Hezbollah","color":"#f39c12"},"houthis":{"label":"Yemen — the Houthis","color":"#4a9eff"},"iran":{"label":"Iran — direct","color":"#c678dd"}}},"systems":[{"id":"qassam","name":"Qassam family","aka":["Qassam-1/2/3","al-Qassam rocket"],"actor":"hamas","class":"artillery rocket","origin":"Locally improvised in Gaza by Hamas's al-Qassam Brigades (first built 2001)","range_km":[3,16],"warhead_kg":[5,20],"warhead_notes":"Improvised HE (scavenged TNT / urea-nitrate fertilizer mixes) packed with shrapnel; earliest Qassam-1 carried under 1 kg, typical later rounds 5-10 kg, Qassam-3 up to ~20 kg.","guidance":"unguided","speed":"Brief solid boost then ballistic; at Sderot ranges residents get roughly 15 seconds of warning","est_unit_cost_usd":[300,800],"first_used_vs_israel":"2001 (first launches; first deep hit on Sderot 2002)","salvo_notes":"October 7, 2023: 2,200-5,000 rockets (largely Qassam/Grad types plus mortars) fired from Gaza in the opening ~20-30 minutes — the largest rocket barrage ever fired at Israel.","notes":"The archetypal Gaza rocket: made in workshops from pipe steel and fertilizer, wildly inaccurate but launched in enormous numbers. Its sub-$1,000 cost against ~$50,000 Iron Dome interceptors is the classic cost-asymmetry example.","sources":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qassam_rocket","https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/weapon-terror-development-and-impact-qassam-rocket","https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/idf-9500-rockets-fired-at-israel-since-oct-7-including-3000-in-1st-hours-of-onslaught/"]},{"id":"grad-122","name":"122mm Grad","aka":["Katyusha","BM-21 Grad","Arash (Iranian copy)"],"actor":"hamas","class":"artillery rocket","origin":"Soviet BM-21 design; supplied via Iran and other sources, plus local Gaza-made copies","range_km":[20,40],"warhead_kg":[18,30],"warhead_notes":"HE-fragmentation; standard rounds ~18-21 kg, extended-range and Hezbollah variants documented up to ~30 kg.","guidance":"unguided (spin/fin stabilized)","speed":"Supersonic artillery rocket (BM-21 family)","est_unit_cost_usd":null,"first_used_vs_israel":"Katyusha fire from Lebanon since the 1970s; Grad-type fire from Gaza documented from 2006-2008","salvo_notes":"2006 Lebanon war: Hezbollah fired 3,970-4,228 rockets in 34 days, ~95% of them 122mm Katyushas. November 24, 2024: ~250 projectiles from Lebanon in one day. The workhorse of Gaza barrages incl. May 2021 (4,360 rockets in 11 days).","notes":"The single most-fired weapon family behind Israel's red-alert sirens across every front — Hamas, PIJ and Hezbollah all use the same Soviet-designed 122mm round.","sources":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Lebanon_War","https://www.hrw.org/report/2007/08/28/civilians-under-assault/hezbollahs-rocket-attacks-israel-2006-war","https://missilethreat.csis.org/country/hezbollahs-rocket-arsenal/","https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/news/2024/11/mil-241124-voa01.htm"]},{"id":"mortars","name":"Mortars (60/81/120mm)","aka":["mortar bombs"],"actor":"hamas","class":"mortar","origin":"Various — smuggled Iranian/Soviet-pattern and locally produced in Gaza","range_km":[1,9],"warhead_kg":null,"warhead_notes":"Standard HE-fragmentation mortar bombs; a 120mm bomb weighs ~13-16 kg with a few kg of explosive fill.","guidance":"unguided","speed":"Low, steep ballistic arc — flight times of seconds give almost no warning near the fence","est_unit_cost_usd":null,"first_used_vs_israel":"Early 2000s (Second Intifada, from Gaza)","salvo_notes":"October 7, 2023: IDF counted ~3,000 rockets and mortar bombs fired in the first four hours; mortars blanketed Gaza-envelope communities throughout the war.","notes":"The shortest-range threat in the dataset: too fast and low for many Iron Dome engagements close to the fence, mortars caused a large share of casualties in Gaza-border communities in 2014 and 2023.","sources":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_rocket_arsenal","https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/idf-9500-rockets-fired-at-israel-since-oct-7-including-3000-in-1st-hours-of-onslaught/"]},{"id":"m-75","name":"M-75","aka":["M75"],"actor":"hamas","class":"heavy artillery rocket","origin":"Gaza-produced copy of Iran's Fajr-5, built in local workshops from Iranian-supplied drawings","range_km":[75,80],"warhead_kg":null,"warhead_notes":"Fajr-5-class HE warhead; exact weight not reliably documented.","guidance":"unguided","speed":"Supersonic heavy artillery rocket","est_unit_cost_usd":null,"first_used_vs_israel":"November 2012 (Operation Pillar of Defense — first rockets to reach Tel Aviv and Jerusalem)","salvo_notes":"Fired at Tel Aviv/Jerusalem in small numbers in Nov 2012; mass-employed alongside J-80/R-160-class rockets in 2014, May 2021 and from October 7, 2023.","notes":"The M-75 marked Hamas's leap from border-area rockets to holding metropolitan Tel Aviv at risk with an indigenized Iranian design. Hamas even released a perfume called 'M75' to celebrate it.","sources":["https://www.france24.com/en/20140710-rockets-hamas-israel-gaza-strip","https://www.newsweek.com/what-we-know-about-hamas-huge-rocket-arsenal-1839746"]},{"id":"fajr-5","name":"Fajr-5","aka":["Fadjr-5"],"actor":"hamas","class":"heavy artillery rocket","origin":"Iran (333mm heavy artillery rocket); smuggled to Gaza, also held in bulk by Hezbollah","range_km":[75,75],"warhead_kg":[90,175],"warhead_notes":"HE-fragmentation; CSIS lists a 90 kg HE warhead, other references cite up to 175 kg — sources disagree.","guidance":"unguided (a later Iranian Fajr-5C variant adds satnav guidance)","speed":"Supersonic heavy artillery rocket (~915 kg launch weight)","est_unit_cost_usd":null,"first_used_vs_israel":"November 15, 2012 (Hamas/PIJ launches at Tel Aviv)","salvo_notes":"Fired in ones and twos at Tel Aviv in Nov 2012; Hezbollah holds thousands of Fajr-3/Fajr-5s as the mid-range tier of its arsenal.","notes":"Iran's signature proxy rocket: the transfer of Fajr-5s to both Hezbollah and Gaza was the first big step in extending proxy reach from border towns to Israel's population centers.","sources":["https://missilethreat.csis.org/country/hezbollahs-rocket-arsenal/","https://www.france24.com/en/20140710-rockets-hamas-israel-gaza-strip"]},{"id":"r-160","name":"R-160","aka":["M-302","Khaibar-1"],"actor":"hamas","class":"heavy artillery rocket","origin":"Chinese WS-1 design produced in Syria as M-302; smuggled to Gaza, also in Hezbollah stocks as Khaibar-1","range_km":[90,180],"warhead_kg":[100,175],"warhead_notes":"HE-fragmentation; M-302 variants carry ~100-175 kg depending on version.","guidance":"unguided","speed":"Supersonic heavy artillery rocket","est_unit_cost_usd":null,"first_used_vs_israel":"July 2014 (Operation Protective Edge — fired toward the Haifa area)","salvo_notes":"July 2014: the deepest Gaza strikes to that date (~116 km); the Iranian arms ship Klos-C, seized in March 2014, carried 40 M-302s bound for Gaza. Hezbollah's Khaibar-1 version hit Afula in 2006.","notes":"Its 2014 debut forced alert coverage as far north as Haifa and showed Syrian-produced heavy rockets had reached Gaza by sea.","sources":["https://www.timesofisrael.com/from-tunnels-to-r-160s-a-primer-on-hamas-and-its-deadly-capabilities/","https://missilethreat.csis.org/country/hezbollahs-rocket-arsenal/"]},{"id":"ayyash-250","name":"Ayyash-250","aka":["A-250"],"actor":"hamas","class":"heavy artillery rocket","origin":"Hamas-produced (assessed as an Iranian Zelzal-generation design built in Gaza)","range_km":[220,250],"warhead_kg":null,"warhead_notes":"Heavy HE warhead of undocumented weight; accuracy very poor at full range.","guidance":"unguided","speed":"Supersonic heavy artillery rocket","est_unit_cost_usd":null,"first_used_vs_israel":"May 2021 (single launch toward Ramon Airport, ~220 km)","salvo_notes":"Fired singly: one at Ramon Airport in May 2021; small numbers launched again after October 7, 2023 toward deep targets.","notes":"Longest-range weapon known in Hamas's arsenal, named for bombmaker Yahya Ayyash. Its 250 km claim puts essentially all of Israel inside Gaza rocket range on paper.","sources":["https://www.israeldefense.co.il/en/node/60088","https://observers.france24.com/en/middle-east/20231013-inside-the-arsenal-iranian-sourced-weapons-used-in-hamas-and-islamic-jihad-s-israel-assault"]},{"id":"badr-3","name":"Badr-3","aka":["Badr 3"],"actor":"hamas","class":"heavy artillery rocket","origin":"Iranian-designed; primary user is Palestinian Islamic Jihad's al-Quds Brigades","range_km":[13,160],"warhead_kg":[250,400],"warhead_notes":"Very heavy HE warhead for a Gaza rocket — 250 kg of explosive per PIJ, 300-400 kg total per analyst Fabian Hinz; airbursts ~20 m up for wide fragmentation. Range claims disagree sharply: ~13 km as verified in use, 150-160 km claimed.","guidance":"unguided","speed":"Short-flight heavy artillery rocket","est_unit_cost_usd":null,"first_used_vs_israel":"May 5, 2019 (PIJ launches at the Ashkelon area)","salvo_notes":"Debuted during the ~700-rocket May 2019 escalation; fired again in the May 2021 war and 2022-23 Gaza rounds; IDF captured Badr-3 stocks inside Gaza in 2024.","notes":"PIJ's showcase Iranian-designed heavy rocket — what it lacks in range and accuracy it makes up in warhead mass, several times heavier than typical Palestinian rockets.","sources":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badr-3","https://metis.fenixinsight.com/munition/rocket/badr-3-rocket"]},{"id":"fajr-3","name":"Fajr-3","aka":["Fadjr-3"],"actor":"hezbollah","class":"heavy artillery rocket","origin":"Iran (240mm heavy artillery rocket)","range_km":[43,43],"warhead_kg":[45,45],"warhead_notes":"45 kg HE warhead (CSIS); 240mm caliber, 407 kg launch weight.","guidance":"unguided","speed":"Supersonic heavy artillery rocket","est_unit_cost_usd":null,"first_used_vs_israel":"2006 Lebanon War (Fajr-class rockets struck the Haifa area)","salvo_notes":"Part of Hezbollah's 100+/day deep-strike fire in 2006; the Fajr tier sits between Katyushas and Zelzal-class heavy rockets in Hezbollah's range ladder.","notes":"Iran began transferring Fajr-3/Fajr-5 to Hezbollah in the early 2000s — the first rockets that put Haifa within reach from southern Lebanon.","sources":["https://missilethreat.csis.org/country/hezbollahs-rocket-arsenal/","https://csis-website-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/publication/180705_Williams_HezbollahMissiles_v3.pdf"]},{"id":"falaq","name":"Falaq-1 / Falaq-2","aka":["Falagh"],"actor":"hezbollah","class":"heavy artillery rocket","origin":"Iran (240mm Falaq-1, 333mm Falaq-2)","range_km":[10,11],"warhead_kg":[50,120],"warhead_notes":"Falaq-1: ~50 kg HE; Falaq-2: 120 kg improved warhead per CSIS — heavy blast effect at short range.","guidance":"unguided","speed":"Short-range heavy rocket, brief flight","est_unit_cost_usd":null,"first_used_vs_israel":"Heavy documented use from late 2023 in the border war; first claimed Falaq-2 combat launch August 2024","salvo_notes":"Near-daily Falaq-1 strikes on border positions and towns like Kiryat Shmona during Oct 2023 – Nov 2024; Hezbollah publicized its first Falaq-2 launches in August 2024.","notes":"Hezbollah's preferred heavy hammer for the first kilometers over the border — big warheads on short-flight rockets that give defenses minimal engagement time.","sources":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falaq-1","https://missilethreat.csis.org/country/hezbollahs-rocket-arsenal/"]},{"id":"burkan","name":"Burkan","aka":["Borkan","Volcano"],"actor":"hezbollah","class":"heavy artillery rocket","origin":"Hezbollah/Syrian-developed IRAM-type heavy rocket (Syrian civil-war lineage)","range_km":[1,10],"warhead_kg":[100,500],"warhead_notes":"Oversized HE warhead of 100-500 kg on a short-range rocket body; destruction radius up to ~150 m (Alma Center).","guidance":"unguided","speed":"Low-velocity, short-flight heavy rocket","est_unit_cost_usd":null,"first_used_vs_israel":"Late 2023 (border war)","salvo_notes":"Used repeatedly in multi-rocket strikes on IDF border posts through 2024; footage of Burkan impacts became a Hezbollah propaganda staple.","notes":"A weapon born of Syria's siege warfare adopted against Israeli border fortifications — trades range for one of the heaviest warheads of any rocket fired at Israel.","sources":["https://israel-alma.org/heavy-missiles-and-rockets-in-hezbollahs-arsenal/"]},{"id":"zelzal-2","name":"Zelzal-2","aka":["Zilzal-2"],"actor":"hezbollah","class":"heavy artillery rocket","origin":"Iran (610mm unguided heavy rocket, delivered via Syria from the early 2000s)","range_km":[210,210],"warhead_kg":[600,600],"warhead_notes":"600 kg HE warhead (CSIS); unguided, so useful mainly against city-sized targets or as feedstock for guidance conversion.","guidance":"unguided (spin-stabilized); Iranian kits convert it into a Fateh-110-class guided missile","speed":"Supersonic unguided heavy rocket","est_unit_cost_usd":null,"first_used_vs_israel":"Not documented as fired — held as a strategic stockpile (Israel destroyed Zelzal launchers on the ground in the 2006 war's opening strikes)","salvo_notes":"No documented salvo use; Iranian suitcase-sized kits reportedly convert a Zelzal-2 into a ~300 km guided missile in 2-3 hours at $5,000-$10,000 per conversion (BICOM).","notes":"The heart of Hezbollah's 'precision project': from 2016 Iran smuggled GPS-guidance conversion kits for Zelzal-2s — a program Israel repeatedly bombed.","sources":["https://missilethreat.csis.org/country/hezbollahs-rocket-arsenal/","https://www.bicom.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Precision-Project-Paper-Oct-2019-1.pdf"]},{"id":"fateh-110-m600","name":"Fateh-110 / M-600","aka":["M-600 Tishreen","Qader-1 (Hezbollah variant)"],"actor":"hezbollah","class":"SRBM","origin":"Iran (Fateh-110, a guided evolution of the Zelzal-2); Syria produced the M-600 copy transferred to Hezbollah around 2010","range_km":[190,300],"warhead_kg":[450,500],"warhead_notes":"450-500 kg HE; the Qader-1 fired at Tel Aviv carried a 500 kg warhead. Precision-guided versions are the core of Hezbollah's PGM project — CEPs from ~500 m down to tens of meters claimed.","guidance":"inertial + satellite (GPS-aided); quasi-ballistic with maneuvering variants","speed":"Short-range ballistic missile, roughly Mach 3-4 terminal (reported)","est_unit_cost_usd":null,"first_used_vs_israel":"September 25, 2024 — Hezbollah's first-ever ballistic missile launch at Tel Aviv (intercepted by David's Sling)","salvo_notes":"Single-missile use documented (Sept 25, 2024). Israeli intelligence assessed Hezbollah held hundreds of Fateh-110/M-600-class missiles; most were targeted in the Sept–Nov 2024 air campaign.","notes":"The most strategically watched item in Hezbollah's arsenal: a genuinely guided ballistic missile family, its lone combat use against Tel Aviv intercepted.","sources":["https://missilethreat.csis.org/missile/fateh-110/","https://breakingdefense.com/2024/09/in-first-hezbollah-launches-qadr-1-ballistic-missile-towards-tel-aviv/"]},{"id":"mirsad-1","name":"Mirsad-1","aka":["Ababil-T","Mersad"],"actor":"hezbollah","class":"OWA drone","origin":"Iran (HESA Ababil-2/Ababil-T family), operated by Hezbollah since the early 2000s","range_km":[120,120],"warhead_kg":[40,40],"warhead_notes":"Up to ~40 kg of explosives in one-way attack configuration.","guidance":"pre-programmed waypoint/GPS navigation","speed":"~370 km/h, ceiling ~3,000 m; flies low to evade radar","est_unit_cost_usd":null,"first_used_vs_israel":"First penetrated Israeli airspace on reconnaissance in November 2004; used as an attack drone from October 2023","salvo_notes":"October 13, 2024: two Mirsads launched from Lebanon; one evaded detection and hit a Golani Brigade dining hall in Binyamina — 4 soldiers killed, ~60 wounded, the deadliest single Hezbollah drone strike of the war.","notes":"Hezbollah's drone campaign proved harder to detect than rockets — low, slow and small, several crossed 40+ km into Israel before interception or impact.","sources":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirsad-1","https://www.fdd.org/analysis/op_eds/2024/10/14/what-types-of-deadly-drones-is-hezbollah-using-against-israel/"]},{"id":"almas","name":"Almas","aka":["Almas-1/2/3"],"actor":"hezbollah","class":"ATGM","origin":"Iran — reverse-engineered from Israeli Spike missiles captured by Hezbollah in the 2006 war","range_km":[4,16],"warhead_kg":null,"warhead_notes":"Tandem shaped-charge (anti-armor); Almas-1 ~4 km, Almas-2 ~8 km, Almas-3 up to 16 km from aerial platforms.","guidance":"electro-optical seeker with datalink — fire-and-observe, Spike-style lofted attack profile","speed":"Subsonic precision missile","est_unit_cost_usd":null,"first_used_vs_israel":"January 2024 (videoed strikes on border surveillance posts)","salvo_notes":"Used in repeated single-shot precision strikes on IDF observation posts, radars and even an Iron Dome battery area through 2024.","notes":"A bitter irony documented by Israeli media: an Israeli Spike cloned by Iran and fired back at Israeli border installations, giving Hezbollah true precision at the tactical edge.","sources":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almas_(missile)","https://israel-alma.org/a-profile-of-hezbollahs-almas-missile-capabilities-and-significance/"]},{"id":"palestine-2","name":"Palestine-2","aka":["Filastin-2"],"actor":"houthis","class":"MRBM","origin":"Houthi-assembled with Iranian assistance; assessed as a clone/derivative of Iran's solid-fuel Kheibar Shekan-2 / Fattah lineage","range_km":[1450,2150],"warhead_kg":[500,500],"warhead_notes":"~500 kg claimed; two-stage solid fuel with a maneuvering re-entry vehicle. Houthi 'hypersonic' branding (claimed Mach 16) is treated with heavy skepticism by analysts — the Israeli Air Force said it has no evidence of a true hypersonic weapon.","guidance":"inertial/satnav with maneuvering re-entry vehicle (assessed)","speed":"Claimed Mach 16 (unverified); analysts assess Kheibar Shekan-class performance","est_unit_cost_usd":null,"first_used_vs_israel":"September 15, 2024 (first missile from Yemen to reach central Israel)","salvo_notes":"Fired singly, roughly weekly during peaks: 52 Houthi ballistic missiles + 13 drones at Israel between March 18 and June 28, 2025. May 4, 2025: one evaded THAAD and Arrow and hit Ben Gurion Airport's perimeter, injuring 6-8.","notes":"The Ben Gurion strike was the propaganda high-point of the Houthi campaign — a single missile that briefly halted international air traffic.","sources":["https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/menasource/yemen-iran-houthis-hypersonic-missile-israel/","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Houthi_attack_on_Tel_Aviv_airport"]},{"id":"zulfiqar-houthi","name":"Zulfiqar (Houthi)","aka":["Zolfaghar","Burkan-3 derivative"],"actor":"houthis","class":"MRBM","origin":"Iranian-supplied Scud/Ghadr-lineage liquid-fuel missile, Houthi-modified","range_km":[1350,1950],"warhead_kg":null,"warhead_notes":"Scud/Ghadr-lineage HE warhead, ~500-650 kg class assessed. Reaching Eilat from northern Yemen requires ~1,600+ km, which led analysts to conclude a Ghadr-class missile was in play.","guidance":"inertial (Scud-lineage liquid-fuel MRBM)","speed":"Ballistic; hypersonic on re-entry (as with any 1,200+ km-class BM)","est_unit_cost_usd":null,"first_used_vs_israel":"October 31, 2023 (first Houthi ballistic missile attack on Israel — intercepted by Arrow 2, Arrow's first combat kill)","salvo_notes":"Launched in small salvos of 1-3 missiles toward Eilat in Oct-Nov 2023 — all intercepted or fell short; the Oct 31 Arrow 2 engagement is cited as the first combat interception in space.","notes":"Analysis of the 2023 launches concluded the Houthis were using modified Scud-family missiles with ranges beyond anything they had fired before, confirming Iranian MRBM transfer to Yemen.","sources":["https://breakingdefense.com/2023/12/analysis-houthi-targeting-of-israel-suggests-new-longer-range-missile-in-play/","https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2023-12/news/israeli-arrow-system-downs-first-missiles-combat"]},{"id":"toofan","name":"Toofan","aka":["Tufan","Typhoon"],"actor":"houthis","class":"MRBM","origin":"Assessed as practically identical to Iran's Ghadr-F (liquid-fuel Shahab-3 derivative), displayed by the Houthis in September 2023","range_km":[1350,1950],"warhead_kg":[650,650],"warhead_notes":"Ghadr-class separating warhead ~650 kg; simulations found the 1,950 km claim plausible — enough to cover all of Israel from northern Yemen.","guidance":"inertial","speed":"Ballistic MRBM; hypersonic on descent","est_unit_cost_usd":null,"first_used_vs_israel":"Paraded September 2023; linked to long-range Houthi launches at Israel from late 2023 onward","salvo_notes":"Single-missile launches typical of Houthi long-range strikes.","notes":"Together with Zulfiqar and the Palestine family, Toofan shows the Houthis fielding Iranian MRBM technology under local names — the first non-state actor to sustain 1,500+ km ballistic missile strikes.","sources":["https://breakingdefense.com/2023/12/analysis-houthi-targeting-of-israel-suggests-new-longer-range-missile-in-play/","https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/houthi-arsenal"]},{"id":"quds-cruise","name":"Quds cruise missile family","aka":["Quds-1/2/3/4","al-Arqab"],"actor":"houthis","class":"cruise missile","origin":"Iranian design (Soumar/Paveh '351' family per US DIA); assembled and operated by the Houthis","range_km":[700,2000],"warhead_kg":null,"warhead_notes":"Warhead size undisclosed (Quds-1 total mass only ~450 kg, so a relatively small HE charge); Quds-1 ~700-800 km, Quds-2 ~1,350 km, Quds-4 claimed up to ~2,000 km.","guidance":"inertial + satellite navigation, low-altitude terrain-hugging profile","speed":"Subsonic turbojet, roughly 700-900 km/h","est_unit_cost_usd":null,"first_used_vs_israel":"October 19, 2023 (USS Carney intercepted 4 Houthi cruise missiles and 15 drones assessed as heading toward Israel)","salvo_notes":"Oct 19, 2023 salvo of 4 cruise missiles + 15 drones; later typically 1-2 missiles per launch at Eilat; one reached the Eilat area in March 2024.","notes":"The Quds family's low-altitude approach makes it a different detection problem from ballistic missiles and forced Israel to widen radar coverage over the Red Sea approach.","sources":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quds_cruise_missile","https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/houthi-arsenal"]},{"id":"samad-3","name":"Samad-3","aka":["Sammad-3","Yafa (modified long-range version)"],"actor":"houthis","class":"OWA drone","origin":"Houthi-produced with Iranian design assistance (Samad family)","range_km":[1500,1800],"warhead_kg":[40,40],"warhead_notes":"Explosive payload up to ~40 kg; extended-range conformal fuel tank, ~4.5 m wingspan, pusher prop.","guidance":"satellite/waypoint navigation","speed":"Slow subsonic pusher-prop drone (~200 km/h class)","est_unit_cost_usd":null,"first_used_vs_israel":"Launch attempts from October 2023; July 19, 2024 a Samad-3 ('Yafa') struck central Tel Aviv","salvo_notes":"Typically single-drone sorties. July 19, 2024, 3:12 a.m.: one flew ~2,000 km, evaded detection and exploded near the US embassy branch in Tel Aviv, killing one man and injuring ten — the first fatal Houthi strike inside Israel.","notes":"The Tel Aviv hit exposed a gap in drone detection (the drone was tracked but not classified as hostile) and triggered Israel's first airstrike on Yemen the next day.","sources":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samad_(UAV)","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Houthi_drone_attack_on_Israel"]},{"id":"emad","name":"Emad","aka":["Emad-1"],"actor":"iran","class":"MRBM","origin":"Iran (liquid-fuel Shahab-3/Ghadr derivative with maneuverable re-entry vehicle, unveiled 2015)","range_km":[1700,1700],"warhead_kg":[750,750],"warhead_notes":"~750 kg HE with a finned, maneuverable re-entry vehicle; Iran claims CEP ~50 m — Iran's first 'precision' MRBM.","guidance":"inertial + satnav with terminally guided maneuvering re-entry vehicle","speed":"Liquid-fuel MRBM; hypersonic on re-entry (~2 km/s class descent)","est_unit_cost_usd":250000,"first_used_vs_israel":"April 13-14, 2024 (Operation True Promise)","salvo_notes":"Fired in every direct Iranian attack: April 2024 (part of 120+ ballistic missiles), October 1, 2024 (~180-200 in ~30 minutes), June 2025 (bulk of ~550-590 missiles with Ghadr), and the 2026 war (~650 missiles total).","notes":"JINSA's July 2025 cost study put Emad at ~$250,000 per round — Iran's cheap workhorse for mass barrages; most were intercepted by Arrow, David's Sling and US THAAD/Aegis.","sources":["https://missilethreat.csis.org/missile/emad/","https://jinsa.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/Cost-Estimates-During-the-U.S.-Israel-Iran-War-07-21-25.pdf"]},{"id":"ghadr","name":"Ghadr","aka":["Ghadr-110","Ghadr-S/H/F"],"actor":"iran","class":"MRBM","origin":"Iran (improved Shahab-3, liquid fuel; basis for the Houthi Toofan and the Emad)","range_km":[1350,1950],"warhead_kg":[650,1000],"warhead_notes":"Warhead reduced from ~1,000 kg to ~650 kg across variants to buy range (Ghadr-S 1,350 km → Ghadr-F 1,950 km); conventional HE, separating warhead.","guidance":"inertial (+satnav updates on later variants)","speed":"Liquid-fuel MRBM; hypersonic on descent","est_unit_cost_usd":5000000,"first_used_vs_israel":"April 13-14, 2024","salvo_notes":"With Emad, formed the bulk of the October 1, 2024 (~200-missile) and June 2025 (~550-590-missile) barrages; also fired in the 2026 war. Cost estimates for Iranian missiles vary widely between analysts.","notes":"A 1990s-lineage design kept relevant by mass: Iran fired more Shahab-3-family (Ghadr/Emad) rounds at Israel in 2024-2026 than any other missile type.","sources":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghadr-110","https://jinsa.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/Cost-Estimates-During-the-U.S.-Israel-Iran-War-07-21-25.pdf"]},{"id":"kheibar-shekan","name":"Kheibar Shekan","aka":["Khaybar Shekan","Castle Breaker"],"actor":"iran","class":"MRBM","origin":"Iran, IRGC Aerospace Force (third-generation solid-fuel MRBM, unveiled 2022)","range_km":[1450,1450],"warhead_kg":[500,550],"warhead_notes":"~500-550 kg HE in a tri-conic maneuverable re-entry vehicle designed to evade terminal defenses; composite body, launch-ready solid fuel. Basis for the Houthi Palestine-2.","guidance":"inertial/satnav with terminal-phase maneuvering re-entry vehicle","speed":"Solid-fuel MRBM, 11.4 m / 6.3 t; impact-speed figures disagree between sources","est_unit_cost_usd":null,"first_used_vs_israel":"April 13-14, 2024 (debris identified); used at scale June 2025","salvo_notes":"One of the main types in Iran's June 2025 barrages; its compact size lets more be stored in underground 'missile cities', sustaining multi-wave salvos.","notes":"Several June 2025 impacts in Israeli cities were attributed to Kheibar Shekan-class missiles that leaked through saturated defenses.","sources":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kheibar_Shekan","https://www.euronews.com/2025/06/22/iranian-weapon-with-ideological-payload-what-is-the-kheibar-shekan-missile"]},{"id":"fattah-1","name":"Fattah-1","aka":["Fattah","Conqueror"],"actor":"iran","class":"MRBM","origin":"Iran, IRGC (unveiled June 2023; billed as Iran's first 'hypersonic' missile)","range_km":[1400,1400],"warhead_kg":[350,500],"warhead_notes":"Sources disagree: ~350-450 kg per some references, up to ~500 kg per others; two-stage solid fuel with a thrust-vector-controlled maneuvering warhead.","guidance":"inertial/satnav; maneuvering re-entry vehicle with claimed in-flight course correction","speed":"Claimed Mach 13-15 terminal; Western analysts class it as a maneuvering-RV ballistic missile rather than a true hypersonic glide vehicle","est_unit_cost_usd":null,"first_used_vs_israel":"Debris identified from both the April and October 2024 strikes; IRGC claimed mass use October 1, 2024","salvo_notes":"IRGC said Fattah-1s were among ~200 missiles fired Oct 1, 2024 (first claimed combat use of a 'hypersonic' weapon against Israel); used again in June 2025.","notes":"Iran's flagship prestige missile. Independent analysts confirmed its debris in Israel but dispute the 'unstoppable hypersonic' framing — Arrow and THAAD engaged Fattah-class re-entry vehicles with claimed success.","sources":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fattah-1","https://www.army-technology.com/projects/fattah-hypersonic-ballistic-missile-iran/"]},{"id":"haj-qasem","name":"Haj Qasem","aka":["Hajj Qassem"],"actor":"iran","class":"MRBM","origin":"Iran (solid-fuel, two-stage MRBM unveiled August 2020, named for Qasem Soleimani)","range_km":[1400,1400],"warhead_kg":[500,500],"warhead_notes":"~500 kg HE; 2024 upgrades reportedly added electro-optical terminal guidance and jamming resistance.","guidance":"inertial/satnav; maneuvering re-entry, reported electro-optical terminal seeker on upgraded rounds","speed":"Claimed up to Mach 12 terminal","est_unit_cost_usd":null,"first_used_vs_israel":"June 2025 (Twelve-Day War)","salvo_notes":"Named by Iran among the types fired in the June 2025 campaign; solid fuel allows quick multi-launcher salvos from dispersed sites.","notes":"Part of Iran's newer solid-fuel generation that launches with little warning — exactly the class Israel's February 2026 preemptive campaign prioritized destroying on the ground.","sources":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haj_Qasem_(missile)","https://www.presstv.ir/Detail/2025/06/14/749848/explainer-what-emad-ghadr-kheibar-shekan-missiles-iran-unleashed-israel"]},{"id":"sejjil","name":"Sejjil","aka":["Sejil","Sajjil-2"],"actor":"iran","class":"MRBM","origin":"Iran (first Iranian two-stage all-solid-fuel MRBM, flight-tested from 2008)","range_km":[2000,2500],"warhead_kg":[700,700],"warhead_notes":"~700 kg payload; 18 m, 23.6 t missile. Iran claimed a possible submunition payload on the June 2025 combat round.","guidance":"inertial","speed":"Two-stage solid fuel; Iran claims Tel Aviv reachable in under 7 minutes from launch","est_unit_cost_usd":null,"first_used_vs_israel":"June 18, 2025 (first combat use ever; Israel said it was intercepted)","salvo_notes":"Single claimed launch during the Twelve-Day War — a demonstrative first combat use after 17 years in development.","notes":"Storable, quick-launch solid fuel makes Sejjil harder to preempt than the liquid-fuel Ghadr/Emad family; its one combat launch was widely read as an escalation signal.","sources":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejjil","https://www.euronews.com/2025/06/20/new-missile-enters-israel-iran-conflict-what-we-know-about-tehrans-sejil"]},{"id":"shahed-131-136","name":"Shahed-131 / Shahed-136","aka":["Geran-1/2 (Russian service)","Wa'id (Houthi clones)"],"actor":"iran","class":"OWA drone","origin":"Iran, Shahed Aviation Industries (delta-wing one-way attack drones)","range_km":[900,2500],"warhead_kg":[30,50],"warhead_notes":"Shahed-131: ~10-15 kg class; Shahed-136: 30-50 kg HE/fragmentation nose warhead, newer variants reported up to ~90 kg. Range estimates span 1,000-2,500 km for the 136.","guidance":"satnav (GNSS) + inertial waypoint navigation","speed":"Subsonic, ~185 km/h max (piston engine, pusher prop)","est_unit_cost_usd":[20000,50000],"first_used_vs_israel":"April 13-14, 2024 (~170 launched directly by Iran; proxy Shahed-type launches toward Israel began October 2023)","salvo_notes":"April 13-14, 2024: ~170 one-way attack drones in one night — none reached Israeli territory (99% interception). June 2025: over 1,000 launched across the Twelve-Day War.","notes":"The defining cheap mass-attack weapon of the decade, commonly cited at $20k-$50k apiece. Its slow speed gives hours of warning from Iran — and Israel downed virtually all of them.","sources":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HESA_Shahed_136","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_2024_Iranian_strikes_on_Israel"]},{"id":"paveh","name":"Paveh","aka":["Paveh-351","Soumar family"],"actor":"iran","class":"cruise missile","origin":"Iran (land-attack cruise missile unveiled February 2023, Soumar/Kh-55-lineage family)","range_km":[1650,1650],"warhead_kg":null,"warhead_notes":"Warhead weight undisclosed; terrain-following low-altitude profile for radar evasion.","guidance":"inertial + satellite navigation, terrain-following","speed":"Subsonic, ~735-900 km/h cruise","est_unit_cost_usd":null,"first_used_vs_israel":"April 13-14, 2024 (30+ cruise missiles in the True Promise attack; none reached their targets)","salvo_notes":"April 2024: 30+ land-attack cruise missiles launched in one wave, downed largely by fighter aircraft; the same family serves Iraqi militias and the Houthis under other names.","notes":"Iran's export of the Paveh family to Iraq's militias and Yemen effectively ringed Israel with the same cruise missile under three different names.","sources":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paveh_cruise_missile","https://www.timesofisrael.com/iran-unveils-new-paveh-cruise-missile-that-can-reach-israel/"]}],"actor_arsenal_estimates":[{"actor":"hamas","estimate":"~20,000 rockets and mortar bombs on Oct 7, 2023 per Israeli estimates, most short-range. IDF one-year data: 13,200 projectiles fired from Gaza (≈5,000 on Oct 7 alone). Arsenal and production largely destroyed or depleted through 2024-25; fire fell to sporadic single launches and essentially stopped after the October 2025 Gaza ceasefire.","sources":["https://www.timesofisrael.com/a-year-of-war-idf-data-shows-726-troops-killed-over-26000-rockets-fired-at-israel/","https://www.israelhayom.com/2024/01/26/is-hamas-running-out-of-rockets-israeli-reveal-estimated-depletion-rate/"]},{"actor":"hezbollah","estimate":"Pre-Oct 2023: 120,000-200,000 rockets and missiles commonly cited (CSIS ~130,000; Israeli official estimate 150,000). IDF assessed 70-80% destroyed by the Nov 27, 2024 ceasefire. Early 2026: ~20,000-25,000 remaining; after the March-April 2026 Lebanon war, roughly 10,000-23,000 left, mostly short-range — still enough for 200-rocket barrage days.","sources":["https://missilethreat.csis.org/country/hezbollahs-rocket-arsenal/","https://www.timesofisrael.com/rocket-barrages-underscore-remaining-potency-of-hezbollahs-gutted-arsenal/"]},{"actor":"houthis","estimate":"Total inventory not publicly quantified; capability is Iranian-resupplied. Launch record vs Israel: 200+ ballistic/cruise missiles and drones in the first 14 months; 52 ballistic missiles + 13 drones between Mar 18 and Jun 28, 2025; attacks paused after the Oct 2025 Gaza ceasefire and resumed Mar 28, 2026 for the Iran war.","sources":["https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/whatsinblue/2024/12/briefing-on-developments-related-to-houthi-attacks-on-israel.php","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_Houthi_strikes_on_Israel"]},{"actor":"iran","estimate":"~2,500-3,000 ballistic missiles pre-June 2025 (US/Israeli estimates), of which ~2,000-2,500 could reach Israel. Fired ~550-590 at Israel in the June 2025 Twelve-Day War. Rebuilt toward ~2,500 Israel-range missiles by early 2026, then fired ~650 in the Feb-Apr 2026 war; an Israeli Air Force official estimated just over 1,000 remaining at the April 2026 ceasefire, with 300+ launchers destroyed cutting fire rates by 70-92%.","sources":["https://jinsa.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Iranian-Ballistic-Missile-Estimates-6-26-2025-6.pdf","https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2026/05/26/evaluating-the-damage-to-irans-ballistic-missile-arsenal/","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_Iranian_strikes_on_Israel"]}],"defenses":[{"name":"Iron Dome","layer":"Bottom layer","intercepts":"Short-range rockets, mortar bombs, and drones (threat ranges roughly 4-70 km); selective engagement — only shoots at projectiles headed for populated areas","est_interceptor_cost_usd":[40000,100000],"record":"~90%+ claimed interception rate since 2011, with 10,000+ combat intercepts by its 15th anniversary in April 2026; independent analysts estimate 80-90%, lower under saturation barrages.","sources":["https://missilethreat.csis.org/defsys/iron-dome/","https://www.jpost.com/defense-and-tech/article-892329"]},{"name":"David's Sling","layer":"Middle layer","intercepts":"Heavy rockets, short-range ballistic missiles, cruise missiles and aircraft in the 40-300 km band — between Iron Dome and Arrow","est_interceptor_cost_usd":1000000,"record":"First operational intercepts May 2023 (Gaza heavy rockets); intercepted Hezbollah's Qader-1 ballistic missile over Tel Aviv on Sept 25, 2024; engaged Iranian missiles 2024-2026.","sources":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%27s_Sling","https://breakingdefense.com/2024/09/in-first-hezbollah-launches-qadr-1-ballistic-missile-towards-tel-aviv/"]},{"name":"Arrow 2","layer":"Upper layer","intercepts":"Ballistic missiles in the upper atmosphere / edge of space (terminal-phase)","est_interceptor_cost_usd":3000000,"record":"First-ever combat intercept Oct 31, 2023 against a Houthi ballistic missile ~100 km up — described as the first combat interception in space; Arrow-family rates above 90% reported.","sources":["https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2023-12/news/israeli-arrow-system-downs-first-missiles-combat"]},{"name":"Arrow 3","layer":"Top layer","intercepts":"Medium/long-range ballistic missiles exoatmospherically (hit-to-kill in space) — Israel's top layer against Iranian MRBMs","est_interceptor_cost_usd":[2000000,4000000],"record":"First combat intercept Nov 9, 2023 (Houthi missile bound for Eilat); primary killer of Iranian MRBMs in the 2024, 2025 and 2026 barrages. Interceptor stocks ran low in June 2025, prompting a 2026 US-Israel co-production push.","sources":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow_3","https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2026/04/09/israel-partners-with-u-s-to-accelerate-arrow-interceptor-production/"]},{"name":"THAAD (US Army)","layer":"Upper layer (allied)","intercepts":"Medium/intermediate-range ballistic missiles in terminal high-altitude phase; US battery deployed to Israel October 2024","est_interceptor_cost_usd":[12000000,13000000],"record":"First-ever THAAD combat intercept Dec 27, 2024 vs a Houthi missile; at least six Houthi missiles downed by mid-2025; shared a publicized miss (with Arrow) on the May 4, 2025 Ben Gurion strike; heavily expended in the June 2025 war.","sources":["https://www.twz.com/land/u-s-armys-first-combat-use-of-thaad-missile-defense-system-just-occurred-in-israel"]},{"name":"C-Dome","layer":"Naval","intercepts":"Naval Iron Dome on Sa'ar 6 corvettes — rockets, cruise missiles and drones approaching from the sea","est_interceptor_cost_usd":[40000,100000],"record":"First operational combat interception April 9, 2024 (hostile UAV approaching Eilat); protected the Eilat/Red Sea approach from Houthi drones and cruise missiles thereafter.","sources":["https://breakingdefense.com/2024/04/israels-maritime-c-dome-downs-drone-in-first-operational-combat-interception/"]},{"name":"Iron Beam","layer":"Bottom layer (laser)","intercepts":"Rockets, mortars and drones at short range using a ~100 kW-class high-power laser — unlimited magazine, complement to Iron Dome","est_interceptor_cost_usd":5,"record":"First operational system delivered to the Israeli Air Force Dec 28, 2025 — the world's first fielded high-power laser air-defense system; cost per shot cited at ~$2-5 of electricity vs $40k-100k per Iron Dome interceptor.","sources":["https://www.timesofisrael.com/defense-ministry-hands-idf-first-combat-ready-iron-beam-laser-interception-system/","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Beam"]}],"notable_events":[{"date":"2023-10-07","event":"Hamas-led assault opens with the largest rocket barrage ever fired at Israel: 2,200-5,000 rockets and mortar bombs in the opening ~20-30 minutes. IDF one-year totals: 26,000+ projectiles from all fronts — 13,200 from Gaza, 12,400 from Lebanon, ~400 from Iran, 180 from Yemen, 60 from Syria.","sources":["https://www.timesofisrael.com/a-year-of-war-idf-data-shows-726-troops-killed-over-26000-rockets-fired-at-israel/"]},{"date":"2023-10-31","event":"First Houthi ballistic missile attack on Israel; Arrow 2 records its first-ever combat interception, engaging outside the atmosphere.","sources":["https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2023-12/news/israeli-arrow-system-downs-first-missiles-combat"]},{"date":"2024-04-13","event":"Iran's first-ever direct attack on Israel: ~170 Shahed drones, 30+ cruise missiles, 120+ ballistic missiles overnight. US-led coalition and Israel intercept ~99%; ~5 ballistic missiles hit Nevatim airbase.","sources":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_2024_Iranian_strikes_on_Israel"]},{"date":"2024-07-19","event":"Houthi Samad-3 drone flies ~2,000 km and strikes central Tel Aviv, killing one — the first fatal Houthi strike in Israel; Israel strikes Hodeidah, Yemen the next day.","sources":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Houthi_drone_attack_on_Israel"]},{"date":"2024-09-25","event":"Hezbollah fires its first-ever ballistic missile at Tel Aviv — a Qader-1 aimed at Mossad HQ — intercepted by David's Sling.","sources":["https://breakingdefense.com/2024/09/in-first-hezbollah-launches-qadr-1-ballistic-missile-towards-tel-aviv/"]},{"date":"2024-10-01","event":"Iran launches ~180-200 ballistic missiles in ~30 minutes — the largest single ballistic missile salvo in history. Most intercepted; ~20-32 impacts at Nevatim airbase.","sources":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_2024_Iranian_strikes_on_Israel"]},{"date":"2024-10-13","event":"Hezbollah Mirsad-1 drone evades detection and hits a Golani Brigade base dining hall in Binyamina: 4 soldiers killed, ~60 wounded — the deadliest drone strike of the war.","sources":["https://www.fdd.org/analysis/op_eds/2024/10/14/what-types-of-deadly-drones-is-hezbollah-using-against-israel/"]},{"date":"2024-11-24","event":"Hezbollah fires ~250 rockets and projectiles in one day — its heaviest barrage of the war — three days before the Nov 27 ceasefire.","sources":["https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/news/2024/11/mil-241124-voa01.htm"]},{"date":"2024-12-27","event":"First-ever combat intercept by a THAAD battery anywhere: the US Army system in Israel downs a Houthi medium-range ballistic missile.","sources":["https://www.twz.com/land/u-s-armys-first-combat-use-of-thaad-missile-defense-system-just-occurred-in-israel"]},{"date":"2025-05-04","event":"A Houthi ballistic missile (claimed Palestine-2) evades both THAAD and Arrow and hits the perimeter of Ben Gurion Airport, injuring 6-8 and halting international flights for days.","sources":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Houthi_attack_on_Tel_Aviv_airport"]},{"date":"2025-06-13","event":"Twelve-Day War: Iran fires ~550-591 ballistic missiles and 1,000+ drones at Israel. ~86-90% intercepted; 59-64 missile impacts kill ~30 and wound ~2,000. First combat Sejjil launch and cluster-submunition warheads documented June 18-19.","sources":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve-Day_War","https://www.twz.com/land/iran-just-used-ballistic-missiles-with-cluster-warheads-to-strike-israel"]},{"date":"2025-10-10","event":"Gaza war ceasefire takes effect; rocket fire from Gaza has dwindled to sporadic launches, and Houthi attacks pause following the deal.","sources":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_Houthi_strikes_on_Israel"]},{"date":"2026-02-28","event":"The 2026 Iran war begins: ~900 US-Israeli strikes in 12 hours; Iran retaliates with the heaviest missile-and-drone barrages ever fired at Israel — 10,162 alerts in a single day.","sources":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_Iran_war"]},{"date":"2026-03-02","event":"Hezbollah resumes rocket fire for the first time since Nov 2024, igniting the 2026 Lebanon war: ~2,000 rockets plus drones over six weeks.","sources":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_Lebanon_war"]},{"date":"2026-03-11","event":"Largest integrated Axis attack of the 2026 war: Hezbollah fires ~200 rockets in one barrage while the IRGC launches ballistic missiles in a coordinated operation — 105 attack waves counted that day.","sources":["https://www.timesofisrael.com/hezbollah-fires-at-least-150-rockets-at-north-iran-launches-missiles-in-integrated-operation/"]},{"date":"2026-03-28","event":"The Houthis rejoin the fight, resuming ballistic missile, cruise missile and drone attacks on Israel in coordination with Iran and Hezbollah.","sources":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_Houthi_strikes_on_Israel"]},{"date":"2026-04-08","event":"US-Iran ceasefire ends the 2026 Iran war after ~5.5 weeks. Iran fired ~650 ballistic missiles at Israel during the war; 300+ Iranian launchers destroyed cut fire rates by 70-92%.","sources":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_Iran_war_ceasefire","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_Iranian_strikes_on_Israel"]}]}